Thermal comfort modelling and empirical validation of predicted air temperature in hot-summer Mediterranean courtyards

Courtyards are a passive strategy to improve the energy performance of buildings. However, accurate simulation courtyards’ thermodynamic in early design stage is still challenging, even though there has been an emergence new methods assess outdoor simulation. This paper tests novel workflow using Ladybug Tools that uses CFD for temperature and comfort courtyards suitable building design, comparing results with monitored data simulated from ENVI-met. Results show high accuracy prediction error ranges 3.8–7.5%, which lower than In terms comfort, Universal Thermal Climate Index values differ by up 10°C between ENVI-met Tools. The significant improvement towards courtyard search net-zero